1.5 Hours / 1.5 CEs

On Demand | Self-Paced Professional Training

This on-demand professional training program on Comparing two Primary Methods for Assessing and Managing Violence Risk: Actuarial v SPJ, is presented by Stephen D. Hart, Ph.D., in partnership with Protect International Risk and Safety Services.

Largely in reaction to the problems with unstructured professional judgment when assessing and managing violence risk, two primary methods of structuring violence risk assessment have been developed over the last twenty-five years. Both approaches have been the focus of extensive research and have been implemented in diverse settings worldwide. In the first method, actuarial risk assessment, information is weighted and combined according to fixed and explicit rules. In the second method, structured professional judgment (SPJ), data are weighted and combined according to guidelines and professional discretion. On the surface, these methods differ concerning the degree of structure imposed on the assessment process. But in practice, there is a tremendous debate about the intended purpose of these methods, how they are implemented in practice and their effectiveness in preventing violence. This program provides an overview of the differences between these methods and the implications of these differences for both practice and the law.

Learning Objectives

Upon completion of this training, participants will be able to:

  • 1 Describe the two primary methods for assessing and managing violence risk
  • 2 Describe the implications of using these two methods in practice and law
  • Intended Audience

    This training is designed for mental health and allied professionals who want to enhance their understanding and practical skills in violence risk assessment and management. It is particularly relevant for those specializing in threat assessment, forensic evaluation, or clinical risk management, and for individuals whose roles involve evaluating and managing risk in various contexts.


    Examples of Relevant Professionals:
    • Mental health professionals (psychologists, psychiatrists, counselors, social workers)
    • Threat assessment specialists
    • Forensic evaluators
    • Clinical risk managers
    • Security and safety professionals
    • Human resources professionals involved in risk management
  • Experience Level

    This training is appropriate for mental health professionals at various stages of experience with violence risk assessment and management.

    • Beginner: Participants new to violence risk assessment who are seeking foundational knowledge of unstructured, actuarial, and structured professional judgment (SPJ) methods.

    • Intermediate: Participants with some experience in violence risk assessment who wish to deepen their understanding of the practical and legal implications of different assessment approaches.
  • Practice Setting

    Professionals apply these skills in high-stakes, multidisciplinary environments where safety, policy, and legal considerations guide structured violence risk assessment and management using actuarial and SPJ approaches. Work is embedded in systems with formal protocols, documentation, and collaboration across healthcare, security, and legal stakeholders to inform decisions and interventions.


    Examples of Practice Settings:
    • Psychiatric inpatient and outpatient services
    • Forensic hospitals and court-affiliated evaluation clinics
    • Correctional facilities, probation, and parole services
    • School and university threat assessment teams
    • Corporate security and HR risk management units
    • Hospitals and emergency departments
    • Law enforcement behavioral threat management units
    • Community violence intervention programs and shelters

Presented By

Stephen D. Hart, PhD Faculty in the Department of Psychology at Simon Fraser University

Dr. Stephen D. Hart obtained BA, MA, and PhD degrees in psychology at the University of British Columbia. He has been on faculty in the Department of Psychology at Simon Fraser University since 1990, and has held the rank of Professor since 2001. He also served as a Visiting Professor in the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Bergen in Norway between 2000 and 2021. His expertise is in the field of clinical-forensic psychology, with a special focus on the assessment of violence risk and psychopathic personality disorder. He has co-authored more than 250 books, chapters, and articles. He has served as editor of two scientific journals; a member of the editorial board of eight journals; and ad hoc reviewer for more than 40 journals. He has served as an executive committee member of several professional organizations, including President of the American Psychology-Law Society and the International Association of Forensic Mental Health Services. He has received various distinctions for his professional work, including the Career Achievement Award from the Society of Clinical Psychology, the Saleem Shah Award for Early Career Research Excellence in Psychology and Law from the American Psychology-Law Society and the American Academy of Forensic Psychology, and the Distinguished Achievement Award from the Association of Threat Assessment Professionals. He maintains an active practice in violence risk assessment. He has consulted with government agencies from more than 25 countries; led more than 500 training workshops around the world; and given expert evidence before courts, tribunals, inquests, review boards, and parliamentary committees in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

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Stephen D. Hart, PhD
We are proud to partner with

Protect International Risk and Safety Services

Protect International Risk and Safety Services

We are proud to partner with Protect International Risk and Safety Services for this training. Protect International's threat assessment professionals are internationally recognized experts that have developed some of the world's most widely used and best-validated threat assessment tools. Protect International provides services and products related to violence risk assessment and management, also known as threat assessment and management. Protect International services and products include threat assessment training and support, case assessment and management, legal consultation, policy review and development, and program evaluation and research; along with threat assessment manuals, worksheets, licenses, and software applications for those tools.

CE Sponsorship Information

Palo Alto University, Continuing & Professional Studies (CONCEPT) is approved by, recognized by, or maintains sponsorship provider status with the following boards and agencies. We maintain responsibility for all content in our CE/CPD programs. For more information, visit here. 

  1. American Psychological Association (APA): Approved sponsor of continuing education for psychologists.

  2. Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB): Approved continuing education provider (ACE program, Provider #1480), 11/22/2023–11/22/2026.

  3. Canadian Psychological Association (CPA): Approved to sponsor continuing education for psychologists.

  4. National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC): Approved Continuing Education Provider (ACEP No. 7190).



Palo Alto University, Continuing and Professional Studies (CONCEPT) is approved by the American Psychological Association to sponsor continuing education for psychologists. Palo Alto University, Continuing and Professional Studies (CONCEPT) maintains responsibility for this program and its content. Palo Alto University, Continuing and Professional Studies (CONCEPT), is approved by the Canadian Psychological Association to offer continuing education for psychologists. Palo Alto University, Continuing and Professional Studies (CONCEPT), SW CPE is recognized by the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Social Work as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed social workers #SW-0356 and the New York State Education Department’s State Board for Mental Health Practitioners as an approved provider of continuing education for licensed mental health counselors. #MHC-0073. Palo Alto University, Continuing and Professional Studies (CONCEPT) has been approved by NBCC as an Approved Continuing Education Provider, ACEP No. 6811. Programs that do not qualify for NBCC credit are clearly identified. CONCEPT Professional Training, #1480, is approved to offer social work continuing education by the Association of Social Work Boards (ASWB) Approved Continuing Education (ACE) program. Organizations, not individual courses, are approved as ACE providers. State and provincial regulatory boards have the final authority to determine whether an individual course may be accepted for continuing education credit. CONCEPT Professional Training maintains responsibility for this course. ACE provider approval period: 11/22/23-11/22/26. Social workers completing this course receive (clinical or social work ethics) continuing education credits.